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Split up AvalonEdit into Overview, Document, Rendering.

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Daniel Grunwald 16 years ago
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      samples/AvalonEdit.Sample/AvalonEdit/renderingPipeline.png
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      samples/AvalonEdit.Sample/ColorizeAvalonEdit.cs
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      samples/AvalonEdit.Sample/article.html
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      samples/AvalonEdit.Sample/document.html
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samples/AvalonEdit.Sample/ColorizeAvalonEdit.cs

@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ namespace AvalonEdit.Sample @@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ namespace AvalonEdit.Sample
// This lambda gets called once for every VisualLineElement
// between the specified offsets.
Typeface tf = element.TextRunProperties.Typeface;
// Replace the typeface with a modified version of the same typeface
// Replace the typeface with a modified version of
// the same typeface
element.TextRunProperties.SetTypeface(new Typeface(
tf.FontFamily,
FontStyles.Italic,

308
samples/AvalonEdit.Sample/article.html

@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ scripts and style sheets. @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ scripts and style sheets.
<!-- IGNORE THIS SECTION -->
<html>
<head>
<title>The Code Project</title>
<title>AvalonEdit</title>
<Style>
BODY, P, TD { font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt }
H2,H3,H4,H5 { color: #ff9900; font-weight: bold; }
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ CODE { COLOR: #990000; FONT-FAMILY: "Courier New", Courier, mono; } @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ CODE { COLOR: #990000; FONT-FAMILY: "Courier New", Courier, mono; }
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.codeproject.com/App_Themes/NetCommunity/CodeProject.css">
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" color=#000000>
<div style="width:600px;">
<div style="width:600px; margin-left: 24px;">
<!------------------------------------------------------------>
@ -125,13 +125,6 @@ or <code>textEditor.TextArea.TextView</code>. @@ -125,13 +125,6 @@ or <code>textEditor.TextArea.TextView</code>.
<!------------------------------------------------------------>
<h2>Document (The Text Model)</h2>
<p>So, what is the model of a text editor that has support for complex features like syntax highlighting and folding?<br>
Would you expect to be able to access collapsed text using the document model, given that the text is folded away?<br>
Is the syntax highlighting part of the model?
<p>In my quest for a good representation of the model, I decided on a radical strategy:
<b>if it's not a <code>char</code>, it's not in the model</b>!
<p>The main class of the model is <code>ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit.Document.TextDocument</code>.
Basically, the document is a <code>StringBuilder</code> with events.
However, the <code>Document</code> namespace also contains several features that are useful to applications working with the text editor.
@ -143,14 +136,9 @@ Changing the document only on a child control would leave the outer controls con @@ -143,14 +136,9 @@ Changing the document only on a child control would leave the outer controls con
<p><i>Simplified</i> definition of <code>TextDocument</code>:
<pre lang="cs">public sealed class TextDocument : ITextSource
{
public event EventHandler UpdateStarted;
public event EventHandler&lt;DocumentChangeEventArgs&gt; Changing;
public event EventHandler&lt;DocumentChangeEventArgs&gt; Changed;
public event EventHandler TextChanged;
public event EventHandler UpdateFinished;
public TextAnchor CreateAnchor(int offset);
public ITextSource CreateSnapshot();
public IList&lt;DocumentLine&gt; Lines { get; }
public DocumentLine GetLineByNumber(int number);
@ -161,10 +149,6 @@ Changing the document only on a child control would leave the outer controls con @@ -161,10 +149,6 @@ Changing the document only on a child control would leave the outer controls con
public char GetCharAt(int offset);
public string GetText(int offset, int length);
public void BeginUpdate();
public bool IsInUpdate { get; }
public void EndUpdate();
public void Insert(int offset, string text);
public void Remove(int offset, int length);
public void Replace(int offset, int length, string text);
@ -175,27 +159,14 @@ Changing the document only on a child control would leave the outer controls con @@ -175,27 +159,14 @@ Changing the document only on a child control would leave the outer controls con
public UndoStack UndoStack { get; }
}</pre>
<h3>Offsets</h3>
<h3>Offsets and Lines</h3>
In AvalonEdit, an index into the document is called an <b>offset</b>.
<p>Offsets usually represent the position between two characters.
The first offset at the start of the document is 0; the offset after the first <code>char</code> in the document is 1.
The last valid offset is <code>document.TextLength</code>, representing the end of the document.
<p>This is exactly the same as the 'index' parameter used by methods in the .NET <code>String</code> or <code>StringBuilder</code> classes.
Offsets are used because they are dead simple. To all text between offset 10 and offset 30,
simply call <code>document.GetText(10, 20)</code> &ndash; just like <code>String.Substring</code>, AvalonEdit usually uses <code>Offset / Length</code> pairs to refer to text segments.
<p>To easily pass such segments around, AvalonEdit defines the <code>ISegment</code> interface:
<pre lang="cs">public interface ISegment
{
int Offset { get; }
int Length { get; } // must be non-negative
int EndOffset { get; } // must return Offset+Length
}</pre>
All <code>TextDocument</code> methods taking Offset/Length parameters also have an overload taking an <code>ISegment</code> instance &ndash; I have just removed those from the code listing above to make it easier to read.
<h3>Lines</h3>
This is exactly the same as the 'index' parameter used by methods in the .NET <code>String</code> or <code>StringBuilder</code> classes.
<p>
Offsets are easy to use, but sometimes you need Line / Column pairs instead.
AvalonEdit defines a <code>struct</code> called <code>TextLocation</code> for those.
@ -203,93 +174,12 @@ AvalonEdit defines a <code>struct</code> called <code>TextLocation</code> for th @@ -203,93 +174,12 @@ AvalonEdit defines a <code>struct</code> called <code>TextLocation</code> for th
Those are convenience methods built on top of the <code>DocumentLine</code> class.
<p>The <code>TextDocument.Lines</code> collection contains one <code>DocumentLine</code> instance for every line in the document.
This collection is read-only to user code and is automatically updated to always<sup><small>*</small></sup> reflect the current document content.
<p>Internally, the <code>DocumentLine</code> instances are arranged in a binary tree that allows for both efficient updates and lookup.
Converting between offset and line number is possible in O(lg N) time, and the data structure also updates all offsets in O(lg N) whenever text is inserted/removed.
<p><small>* tiny exception: it is possible to see the line collection in an inconsistent state inside <code>ILineTracker</code> callbacks. Don't use <code>ILineTracker</code>
unless you know what you are doing!</small>
<h3>Change Events</h3>
Here is the order in which events are raised during a document update:
<p><b>BeginUpdate()</b>
<ul><li><code>UpdateStarted</code> event is raised</li></ul>
<p><b>Insert() / Remove() / Replace()</b>
<ul>
<li><code>Changing</code> event is raised</li>
<li>The document is changed</li>
<li><code>TextAnchor.Deleted</code> events are raised if anchors were in the deleted text portion</li>
<li><code>Changed</code> event is raised</li>
</ul>
<p><b>EndUpdate()</b>
<ul><li><code>TextChanged</code> event is raised</li>
<li><code>TextLengthChanged</code> event is raised</li>
<li><code>LineCountChanged</code> event is raised</li>
<li><code>UpdateFinished</code> event is raised</li></ul>
<p>If the insert/remove/replace methods are called without a call to <code>BeginUpdate()</code>, they will call
<code>BeginUpdate()</code> and <code>EndUpdate()</code> to ensure no change happens outside of <code>UpdateStarted</code>/<code>UpdateFinished</code>.
<p>There can be multiple document changes between the <code>BeginUpdate()</code> and <code>EndUpdate()</code> calls.
In this case, the events associated with <code>EndUpdate</code> will be raised only once after the whole document update is done.
<p>The <code>UndoStack</code> listens to the <code>UpdateStarted</code> and <code>UpdateFinished</code> events to group
all changes into a single undo step.
<h3>TextAnchor</h3>
If you are working with the text editor, you will likely run into the problem that you need to store an offset, but want it to adjust
automatically whenever text is inserted prior to that offset.
<p>Sure, you could listen to the <code>TextDocument.Changed</code> event and call <code>GetNewOffset</code> on the <code>DocumentChangeEventArgs</code> to translate
the offset, but that gets tedious; especially when your object is short-lived and you have to deal with deregistering the event handler at the correct point of time.<br>
<p>A much simpler solution is to use the <code>TextAnchor</code> class. Usage:
<pre lang="cs">TextAnchor anchor = document.CreateAnchor(offset);
ChangeMyDocument();
int newOffset = anchor.Offset;</pre>
<p>The document will automatically update all text anchors; and because it uses weak references to do so, the GC can simply collect the anchor object when you don't need it anymore.
<p>Moreover, the document is able to efficiently update a large number of anchors without having to look at each anchor object individually. Updating the offsets of all anchors
usually only takes time logarithmic to the number of anchors. Retrieving the <code>TextAnchor.Offset</code> property also runs in O(lg N).
<p>When a piece of text containing an anchor is removed; that anchor will be deleted. First, the <code>TextAnchor.IsDeleted</code> property is set to true on all deleted anchors, then the
<code>TextAnchor.Deleted</code> events are raised. You cannot retrieve the offset from an anchor that has been deleted.
<p>This deletion behavior might be useful when using anchors for building a bookmark feature, but in other cases you want to still be able to use the anchor. For those cases, set <code>TextAnchor.SurviveDeletion = true</code>.
<p>Note that anchor movement is ambiguous if text is inserted exactly at the anchor's location. Does the anchor stay before the inserted text, or does it move after it?
The property <code>TextAnchor.MovementType</code> will be used to determine which of these two options the anchor will choose. The default value is <code>AnchorMovementType.BeforeInsertion</code>.
<p>If you want to track a segment, you can use the <code>AnchorSegment</code> class which implements <code>ISegment</code> using two text anchors.
<h3>TextSegmentCollection</h3>
<p>Sometimes it is useful to store a list of segments and be able to efficiently find all segments overlapping with some other segment.<br>
Example: you might want to store a large number of compiler warnings and render squiggly underlines only for those that are in the visible region of the document.
<p>The <code>TextSegmentCollection</code> serves this purpose. Connected to a document, it will automatically update the offsets of all <code>TextSegment</code> instances inside the collection;
but it also has the useful methods <code>FindOverlappingSegments</code> and <code>FindFirstSegmentWithStartAfter</code>.
The underlying data structure is a hybrid between the one used for text anchors and an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_tree#Augmented_tree">interval tree</a>, so it is able to do both jobs quite fast.
<h3>Thread Safety</h3>
<p>The <code>TextDocument</code> class is not thread-safe. It expects to have a single owner thread and will throw an <code>InvalidOperationException</code> when accessed from another thread.
<p>However, there is a single method that is thread-safe: <code>CreateSnapshot()</code><br>
It returns an immutable snapshot of the document, and may be safely called even when the owner thread is concurrently modifying the document.
This is very useful for features like a background parser that is running on its own thread.
The overload <code>CreateSnapshot(out ChangeTrackingCheckpoint)</code> also returns a <code>ChangeTrackingCheckpoint</code> for the document snapshot.
Once you have two checkpoints, you can call <code>GetChangesTo</code> to retrieve the complete list of document changes that happened between those versions of the document.
This collection is read-only to user code and is automatically updated to reflect the current document content.
<!------------------------------------------------------------>
<h2>Rendering</h2>
Noticed how through the whole 'Document' section, there was no mention of extensibility?
In the whole 'Document' section, there was no mention of extensibility.
The text rendering infrastructure now has to compensate for that by being completely extensible.
<p>The <code>ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit.Rendering.TextView</code> class is the heart of AvalonEdit.
@ -300,180 +190,11 @@ Visual lines are created only for the visible part of the document. @@ -300,180 +190,11 @@ Visual lines are created only for the visible part of the document.
<p>The rendering process looks like this:<br>
<img src="AvalonEdit/renderingPipeline.png" alt="rendering pipeline"><br>
The last step in the pipeline is the conversion to one or more <code>System.Windows.Media.TextFormatting.TextLine</code> instances. WPF then takes care of the actual text rendering.
<h3>Lifetime of visual lines</h3>
When the <code>TextView</code> needs to construct visual lines (usually before rendering), it first
determines which <code>DocumentLine</code> is the top-most visible line in the currently viewed region.
From there, it starts to build visual lines and also immediately does the conversion to <code>TextLine</code> (word-wrapping).
The process stops once the viewed document region is filled.
<p>
The resulting visual lines (and <code>TextLine</code>s) will be cached and reused in future rendering passes.
When the user scrolls down, only the visual lines coming into view are created, the rest is reused.
<p>
The <code>TextView.Redraw</code> methods are used to remove visual lines from the cache.
AvalonEdit will redraw automatically on the affected lines when the document is changed; and will invalidate the whole cache
when any editor options are changed. You will only have to call <code>Redraw</code> manually if you write extensions to the visual line creation process
that maintain their own data source. For example, the <code>FoldingManager</code> invokes <code>Redraw</code> whenever text sections are expanded or collapsed.
<p>
Calling <code>Redraw</code> does not cause immediate recreation of the lines.
They are just removed from the cache so that the next rendering step will recreate them.
All redraw methods will enqueue a new rendering step, using the WPF Dispatcher with a low priority.
<h3>Elements inside visual line</h3>
A visual line consists of a series of elements. These have both a <code>DocumentLength</code> measured in characters as well as a logical length called <code>VisualLength</code>.
For normal text elements, the two lengths are identical; but some elements like fold markers may have a huge document length, yet a logical length of 1.
On the other hand, some elements that are simply inserted by element generators may have a document length of 0, but still need a logical length of at least 1 to allow
addressing elements inside the visual line.
<p>
The <code>VisualColumn</code> is a position inside a visual line as measured by the logical length of elements. It is counted starting from 0 at the begin of the visual line.<br>
Also, inside visual lines, instead of normal offsets to the text document; relative offsets are used.<br>
<code>Absolute offset = relative offset + VisualLine.FirstDocumentLine.Offset</code><br>
This means that offsets inside the visual line do not have to be adjusted when text is inserted or removed in front of the visual line; we simply rely on the document
automatically updating <code>DocumentLine.Offset</code>.
<p>
The main job of a visual line element is to implement the <code>CreateTextRun</code> method.
This method should return a <code>System.Windows.Media.TextFormatting.TextRun</code> instance that can be rendered using the <code>TextLine</code> class.
<p>
Visual line elements can also handle mouse clicks and control how the caret should move. The mouse click handling might suffice as a light-weight alternative
to embedding inline <code>UIElement</code>s in the visual lines.
<h3>Element Generators</h3>
You can extend the text view by registering a custom class deriving from <code>VisualLineElementGenerator</code> in the <code>TextView.ElementGenerators</code> collection.
This allows you to add custom <code>VisualLineElements</code>.
Using the <code>InlineObjectElement</code> class, you can even put interactive WPF controls (anything derived from <code>UIElement</code>) into the text document.
<p>
For all document text not consumed by element generators, AvalonEdit will create <code>VisualLineText</code> elements.
<p>
Usually, the construction of the visual line will stop at the end of the <code>DocumentLine</code>. However, if some <code>VisualLineElementGenerator</code>
creates an element that's longer than the rest of the line, construction of the visual line may resume in another <code>DocumentLine</code>.
Currently, only the <code>FoldingElementGenerator</code> can cause one visual line to span multiple <code>DocumentLine</code>s.
<p>
<img src="AvalonEdit/folding.png" alt="Screenshot Folding and ImageElementGenerator">
<p>
Here is the full source code for a class that implements embedding images into AvalonEdit:
<pre lang="cs">public class ImageElementGenerator : VisualLineElementGenerator
{
readonly static Regex imageRegex = new Regex(@"&lt;img src=""([\.\/\w\d]+)""/?>",
RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
readonly string basePath;
public ImageElementGenerator(string basePath)
{
if (basePath == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException("basePath");
this.basePath = basePath;
}
Match FindMatch(int startOffset)
{
// fetch the end offset of the VisualLine being generated
int endOffset = CurrentContext.VisualLine.LastDocumentLine.EndOffset;
TextDocument document = CurrentContext.Document;
string relevantText = document.GetText(startOffset, endOffset - startOffset);
return imageRegex.Match(relevantText);
}
/// Gets the first offset >= startOffset where the generator wants to construct
/// an element.
/// Return -1 to signal no interest.
public override int GetFirstInterestedOffset(int startOffset)
{
Match m = FindMatch(startOffset);
return m.Success ? (startOffset + m.Index) : -1;
}
/// Constructs an element at the specified offset.
/// May return null if no element should be constructed.
public override VisualLineElement ConstructElement(int offset)
{
Match m = FindMatch(offset);
// check whether there's a match exactly at offset
if (m.Success &amp;&amp; m.Index == 0) {
BitmapImage bitmap = LoadBitmap(m.Groups[1].Value);
if (bitmap != null) {
Image image = new Image();
image.Source = bitmap;
image.Width = bitmap.PixelWidth;
image.Height = bitmap.PixelHeight;
// Pass the length of the match to the 'documentLength' parameter
// of InlineObjectElement.
return new InlineObjectElement(m.Length, image);
}
}
return null;
}
BitmapImage LoadBitmap(string fileName)
{
// TODO: add some kind of cache to avoid reloading the image whenever the
// VisualLine is reconstructed
try {
string fullFileName = Path.Combine(basePath, fileName);
if (File.Exists(fullFileName)) {
BitmapImage bitmap = new BitmapImage(new Uri(fullFileName));
bitmap.Freeze();
return bitmap;
}
} catch (ArgumentException) {
// invalid filename syntax
} catch (IOException) {
// other IO error
}
return null;
}
}</pre>
<h3>Line Transformers</h3>
Line transformers can modify the visual lines after they have been generated. The main usage of this is to colorize the text,
as done both by syntax highlighting and the selection.
<p>
The base classes <code>ColorizingTransformer</code> and <code>DocumentColorizingTransformer</code> help with this task
by providing helper methods for colorizing that split up visual line elements where necessary. The difference between
the two classes is that one works using visual columns whereas the other one uses offsets into the document.
<p>
Here is an example <code>DocumentColorizingTransformer</code> that highlights the word 'AvalonEdit' using bold font:
<pre lang="cs">public class ColorizeAvalonEdit : DocumentColorizingTransformer
{
protected override void ColorizeLine(DocumentLine line)
{
int lineStartOffset = line.Offset;
string text = CurrentContext.Document.GetText(line);
int start = 0;
int index;
while ((index = text.IndexOf("AvalonEdit", start)) >= 0) {
base.ChangeLinePart(
lineStartOffset + index, // startOffset
lineStartOffset + index + 10, // endOffset
(VisualLineElement element) => {
// This lambda gets called once for every VisualLineElement
// between the specified offsets.
Typeface tf = element.TextRunProperties.Typeface;
// Replace the typeface with a modified version of the same typeface
element.TextRunProperties.SetTypeface(new Typeface(
tf.FontFamily,
FontStyles.Italic,
FontWeights.Bold,
tf.Stretch
));
});
start = index + 1; // search for next occurrence
} } }</pre>
<h3>Background renderers</h3>
Background renderers are simple objects that allow you to draw anything in the text view.
They can be used to draw nice-looking backgrounds behind the text.
<p>
AvalonEdit contains the class <code>BackgroundGeometryBuilder</code> that helps with this task.
You can use the static <code>BackgroundGeometryBuilder.GetRectsForSegment</code> to fetch a list of rectangles that
contain text from the specified segment (you will get one rectangle per <code>TextLine</code>);
or you can use the instance methods to build a <code>PathGeometry</code> for the text's outline.
AvalonEdit also internally uses this geometry builder to create the selection with the rounded corners.
The "element generators", "line transformers" and "background renderers" are the extension points; it is possible to add custom implementations of
them to the <code>TextView</code> to implement additional features in the editor.
<p>
Inside SharpDevelop, the first option (getting list of rectangles) is used to render the squiggly red line that for compiler errors,
while the second option is used to produce nice-looking breakpoint markers.
The extensibility features of the rendering namespace are discussed in detail in the article "AvalonEdit Rendering". (to be published soon)
<h2>Editing</h2>
@ -490,14 +211,16 @@ to detect when the margin is attached/detaching from a text view; or when the ac @@ -490,14 +211,16 @@ to detect when the margin is attached/detaching from a text view; or when the ac
any <code>UIElement</code> can be used as margin.
<h2>Folding</h2>
Folding (code collapsing) could be implemented as an extension to the editor without having to modify the AvalonEdit code.
Folding (code collapsing) is implemented as an extension to the editor.
It could have been implemented in a separate assembly without having to modify the AvalonEdit code.
A <code>VisualLineElementGenerator</code> takes care of the collapsed sections in the text document; and a custom margin draws the plus and minus
buttons.
<p>
That's exactly how folding is implemented in AvalonEdit. However, to make it a bit easier to use; the static <code>FoldingManager.Install</code>
You could use the relevant classes separately; but, to make it a bit easier to use, the static <code>FoldingManager.Install</code>
method will create and register the necessary parts automatically.
<p>
All that's left for you is to regularly call <code>FoldingManager.UpdateFoldings</code> with the list of foldings you want to provide.
You could calculate that list yourself, or you could use a built-in folding strategy to do it for you.
<p>
Here is the full code required to enable folding:
<pre lang="cs">foldingManager = FoldingManager.Install(textEditor.TextArea);
@ -505,8 +228,9 @@ foldingStrategy = new XmlFoldingStrategy(); @@ -505,8 +228,9 @@ foldingStrategy = new XmlFoldingStrategy();
foldingStrategy.UpdateFoldings(foldingManager, textEditor.Document);</pre>
If you want the folding markers to update when the text is changed, you have to repeat the <code>foldingStrategy.UpdateFoldings</code> call regularly.
<p>
Currently, only the <code>XmlFoldingStrategy</code> is built into AvalonEdit.
The sample application to this article also contains the <code>BraceFoldingStrategy</code> that folds using { and }.
However, it is a very simple implementation and does not realize that { and } inside strings or comments are not code.
However, it is a very simple implementation and does not handle { and } inside strings or comments correctly.
<h2>Syntax highlighting</h2>
TODO: write this section

242
samples/AvalonEdit.Sample/document.html

@ -0,0 +1,242 @@ @@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
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<!------------------------------------------------------------>
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<html>
<head>
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<Style>
BODY, P, TD { font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt }
H2,H3,H4,H5 { color: #ff9900; font-weight: bold; }
H2 { font-size: 13pt; }
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<!------------------------------------------------------------>
<!------------------------------------------------------------>
<!-- Fill in the details (CodeProject will reformat this section for you) -->
<!------------------------------------------------------------>
<!-- Include download and sample image information. -->
For the sample application and source code download, please see the main article:
<a href="http://www.codeproject.com/KB/edit/AvalonEdit.aspx">Using AvalonEdit (WPF Text Editor)</a>
<p><img src="Article.gif" alt="Sample Image - maximum width is 600 pixels" width=400 height=200></p>
<!------------------------------------------------------------>
<!-- Add the article text. Please use simple formatting (<h2>, <p> etc) -->
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<h2>Using the Code</h2>
<!------------------------------------------------------------>
<h2>Document (The Text Model)</h2>
<p>So, what is the model of a text editor that has support for complex features like syntax highlighting and folding?<br>
Would you expect to be able to access collapsed text using the document model, given that the text is folded away?<br>
Is the syntax highlighting part of the model?
<p>In my quest for a good representation of the model, I decided on a radical strategy:
<b>if it's not a <code>char</code>, it's not in the model</b>!
<p>The main class of the model is <code>ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit.Document.TextDocument</code>.
Basically, the document is a <code>StringBuilder</code> with events.
However, the <code>Document</code> namespace also contains several features that are useful to applications working with the text editor.
<p>In the text editor, all three controls (<code>TextEditor</code>, <code>TextArea</code>, <code>TextView</code>) have a <code>Document</code> property pointing to the <code>TextDocument</code> instance.
You can change the <code>Document</code> property to bind the editor to another document; but please only do so on the outermost control (usually <code>TextEditor</code>), it will inform its child controls about that change.
Changing the document only on a child control would leave the outer controls confused.
<p><i>Simplified</i> definition of <code>TextDocument</code>:
<pre lang="cs">public sealed class TextDocument : ITextSource
{
public event EventHandler UpdateStarted;
public event EventHandler&lt;DocumentChangeEventArgs&gt; Changing;
public event EventHandler&lt;DocumentChangeEventArgs&gt; Changed;
public event EventHandler TextChanged;
public event EventHandler UpdateFinished;
public TextAnchor CreateAnchor(int offset);
public ITextSource CreateSnapshot();
public IList&lt;DocumentLine&gt; Lines { get; }
public DocumentLine GetLineByNumber(int number);
public DocumentLine GetLineByOffset(int offset);
public TextLocation GetLocation(int offset);
public int GetOffset(int line, int column);
public char GetCharAt(int offset);
public string GetText(int offset, int length);
public void BeginUpdate();
public bool IsInUpdate { get; }
public void EndUpdate();
public void Insert(int offset, string text);
public void Remove(int offset, int length);
public void Replace(int offset, int length, string text);
public string Text { get; set; }
public int LineCount { get; }
public int TextLength { get; }
public UndoStack UndoStack { get; }
}</pre>
<h3>Offsets</h3>
In AvalonEdit, an index into the document is called an <b>offset</b>.
<p>Offsets usually represent the position between two characters.
The first offset at the start of the document is 0; the offset after the first <code>char</code> in the document is 1.
The last valid offset is <code>document.TextLength</code>, representing the end of the document.
<p>This is exactly the same as the 'index' parameter used by methods in the .NET <code>String</code> or <code>StringBuilder</code> classes.
Offsets are used because they are dead simple. To all text between offset 10 and offset 30,
simply call <code>document.GetText(10, 20)</code> &ndash; just like <code>String.Substring</code>, AvalonEdit usually uses <code>Offset / Length</code> pairs to refer to text segments.
<p>To easily pass such segments around, AvalonEdit defines the <code>ISegment</code> interface:
<pre lang="cs">public interface ISegment
{
int Offset { get; }
int Length { get; } // must be non-negative
int EndOffset { get; } // must return Offset+Length
}</pre>
All <code>TextDocument</code> methods taking Offset/Length parameters also have an overload taking an <code>ISegment</code> instance &ndash; I have just removed those from the code listing above to make it easier to read.
<h3>Lines</h3>
Offsets are easy to use, but sometimes you need Line / Column pairs instead.
AvalonEdit defines a <code>struct</code> called <code>TextLocation</code> for those.
<p>The document provides the methods <code>GetLocation</code> and <code>GetOffset</code> to convert between offsets and <code>TextLocation</code>s.
Those are convenience methods built on top of the <code>DocumentLine</code> class.
<p>The <code>TextDocument.Lines</code> collection contains one <code>DocumentLine</code> instance for every line in the document.
This collection is read-only to user code and is automatically updated to always<sup><small>*</small></sup> reflect the current document content.
<p>Internally, the <code>DocumentLine</code> instances are arranged in a binary tree that allows for both efficient updates and lookup.
Converting between offset and line number is possible in O(lg N) time, and the data structure also updates all offsets in O(lg N) whenever text is inserted/removed.
<p><small>* tiny exception: it is possible to see the line collection in an inconsistent state inside <code>ILineTracker</code> callbacks. Don't use <code>ILineTracker</code>
unless you know what you are doing!</small>
<h3>Change Events</h3>
Here is the order in which events are raised during a document update:
<p><b>BeginUpdate()</b>
<ul><li><code>UpdateStarted</code> event is raised</li></ul>
<p><b>Insert() / Remove() / Replace()</b>
<ul>
<li><code>Changing</code> event is raised</li>
<li>The document is changed</li>
<li><code>TextAnchor.Deleted</code> events are raised if anchors were in the deleted text portion</li>
<li><code>Changed</code> event is raised</li>
</ul>
<p><b>EndUpdate()</b>
<ul><li><code>TextChanged</code> event is raised</li>
<li><code>TextLengthChanged</code> event is raised</li>
<li><code>LineCountChanged</code> event is raised</li>
<li><code>UpdateFinished</code> event is raised</li></ul>
<p>If the insert/remove/replace methods are called without a call to <code>BeginUpdate()</code>, they will call
<code>BeginUpdate()</code> and <code>EndUpdate()</code> to ensure no change happens outside of <code>UpdateStarted</code>/<code>UpdateFinished</code>.
<p>There can be multiple document changes between the <code>BeginUpdate()</code> and <code>EndUpdate()</code> calls.
In this case, the events associated with <code>EndUpdate</code> will be raised only once after the whole document update is done.
<p>The <code>UndoStack</code> listens to the <code>UpdateStarted</code> and <code>UpdateFinished</code> events to group
all changes into a single undo step.
<h3>TextAnchor</h3>
If you are working with the text editor, you will likely run into the problem that you need to store an offset, but want it to adjust
automatically whenever text is inserted prior to that offset.
<p>Sure, you could listen to the <code>TextDocument.Changed</code> event and call <code>GetNewOffset</code> on the <code>DocumentChangeEventArgs</code> to translate
the offset, but that gets tedious; especially when your object is short-lived and you have to deal with deregistering the event handler at the correct point of time.<br>
<p>A much simpler solution is to use the <code>TextAnchor</code> class. Usage:
<pre lang="cs">TextAnchor anchor = document.CreateAnchor(offset);
ChangeMyDocument();
int newOffset = anchor.Offset;</pre>
<p>The document will automatically update all text anchors; and because it uses weak references to do so, the GC can simply collect the anchor object when you don't need it anymore.
<p>Moreover, the document is able to efficiently update a large number of anchors without having to look at each anchor object individually. Updating the offsets of all anchors
usually only takes time logarithmic to the number of anchors. Retrieving the <code>TextAnchor.Offset</code> property also runs in O(lg N).
<p>When a piece of text containing an anchor is removed; that anchor will be deleted. First, the <code>TextAnchor.IsDeleted</code> property is set to true on all deleted anchors, then the
<code>TextAnchor.Deleted</code> events are raised. You cannot retrieve the offset from an anchor that has been deleted.
<p>This deletion behavior might be useful when using anchors for building a bookmark feature, but in other cases you want to still be able to use the anchor. For those cases, set <code>TextAnchor.SurviveDeletion = true</code>.
<p>Note that anchor movement is ambiguous if text is inserted exactly at the anchor's location. Does the anchor stay before the inserted text, or does it move after it?
The property <code>TextAnchor.MovementType</code> will be used to determine which of these two options the anchor will choose. The default value is <code>AnchorMovementType.BeforeInsertion</code>.
<p>If you want to track a segment, you can use the <code>AnchorSegment</code> class which implements <code>ISegment</code> using two text anchors.
<h3>TextSegmentCollection</h3>
<p>Sometimes it is useful to store a list of segments and be able to efficiently find all segments overlapping with some other segment.<br>
Example: you might want to store a large number of compiler warnings and render squiggly underlines only for those that are in the visible region of the document.
<p>The <code>TextSegmentCollection</code> serves this purpose. Connected to a document, it will automatically update the offsets of all <code>TextSegment</code> instances inside the collection;
but it also has the useful methods <code>FindOverlappingSegments</code> and <code>FindFirstSegmentWithStartAfter</code>.
The underlying data structure is a hybrid between the one used for text anchors and an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_tree#Augmented_tree">interval tree</a>, so it is able to do both jobs quite fast.
<h3>Thread Safety</h3>
<p>The <code>TextDocument</code> class is not thread-safe. It expects to have a single owner thread and will throw an <code>InvalidOperationException</code> when accessed from another thread.
<p>However, there is a single method that is thread-safe: <code>CreateSnapshot()</code><br>
It returns an immutable snapshot of the document, and may be safely called even when the owner thread is concurrently modifying the document.
This is very useful for features like a background parser that is running on its own thread.
The overload <code>CreateSnapshot(out ChangeTrackingCheckpoint)</code> also returns a <code>ChangeTrackingCheckpoint</code> for the document snapshot.
Once you have two checkpoints, you can call <code>GetChangesTo</code> to retrieve the complete list of document changes that happened between those versions of the document.
<h2>Points of Interest</h2>
<p>Did you learn anything interesting/fun/annoying while writing the code? Did you
do anything particularly clever or wild or zany?
<h2>History</h2>
<p>Keep a running update of any changes or improvements you've made here.
<p><b>Note: although my sample code is provided under the MIT license, ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit itself is provided under the terms of the GNU LGPL.</b>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
<h2>Using the Code</h2>
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<h2>Rendering</h2>
Noticed how through the whole 'Document' section, there was no mention of extensibility?
The text rendering infrastructure now has to compensate for that by being completely extensible.
<p>The <code>ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit.Rendering.TextView</code> class is the heart of AvalonEdit.
It takes care of getting the document onto the screen.
<p>To do this in an extensible way, the <code>TextView</code> uses its own kind of model: the <code>VisualLine</code>.
Visual lines are created only for the visible part of the document.
<p>The rendering process looks like this:<br>
<img src="AvalonEdit/renderingPipeline.png" alt="rendering pipeline"><br>
The last step in the pipeline is the conversion to one or more <code>System.Windows.Media.TextFormatting.TextLine</code> instances. WPF then takes care of the actual text rendering.
<h3>Lifetime of visual lines</h3>
When the <code>TextView</code> needs to construct visual lines (usually before rendering), it first
determines which <code>DocumentLine</code> is the top-most visible line in the currently viewed region.
From there, it starts to build visual lines and also immediately does the conversion to <code>TextLine</code> (word-wrapping).
The process stops once the viewed document region is filled.
<p>
The resulting visual lines (and <code>TextLine</code>s) will be cached and reused in future rendering passes.
When the user scrolls down, only the visual lines coming into view are created, the rest is reused.
<p>
The <code>TextView.Redraw</code> methods are used to remove visual lines from the cache.
AvalonEdit will redraw automatically on the affected lines when the document is changed; and will invalidate the whole cache
when any editor options are changed. You will only have to call <code>Redraw</code> manually if you write extensions to the visual line creation process
that maintain their own data source. For example, the <code>FoldingManager</code> invokes <code>Redraw</code> whenever text sections are expanded or collapsed.
<p>
Calling <code>Redraw</code> does not cause immediate recreation of the lines.
They are just removed from the cache so that the next rendering step will recreate them.
All redraw methods will enqueue a new rendering step, using the WPF Dispatcher with a low priority.
<h3>Elements inside visual line</h3>
A visual line consists of a series of elements. These have both a <code>DocumentLength</code> measured in characters as well as a logical length called <code>VisualLength</code>.
For normal text elements, the two lengths are identical; but some elements like fold markers may have a huge document length, yet a logical length of 1.
On the other hand, some elements that are simply inserted by element generators may have a document length of 0, but still need a logical length of at least 1 to allow
addressing elements inside the visual line.
<p>
The <code>VisualColumn</code> is a position inside a visual line as measured by the logical length of elements. It is counted starting from 0 at the begin of the visual line.<br>
Also, inside visual lines, instead of normal offsets to the text document; relative offsets are used.<br>
<code>Absolute offset = relative offset + VisualLine.FirstDocumentLine.Offset</code><br>
This means that offsets inside the visual line do not have to be adjusted when text is inserted or removed in front of the visual line; we simply rely on the document
automatically updating <code>DocumentLine.Offset</code>.
<p>
The main job of a visual line element is to implement the <code>CreateTextRun</code> method.
This method should return a <code>System.Windows.Media.TextFormatting.TextRun</code> instance that can be rendered using the <code>TextLine</code> class.
<p>
Visual line elements can also handle mouse clicks and control how the caret should move. The mouse click handling might suffice as a light-weight alternative
to embedding inline <code>UIElement</code>s in the visual lines.
<h3>Element Generators</h3>
You can extend the text view by registering a custom class deriving from <code>VisualLineElementGenerator</code> in the <code>TextView.ElementGenerators</code> collection.
This allows you to add custom <code>VisualLineElements</code>.
Using the <code>InlineObjectElement</code> class, you can even put interactive WPF controls (anything derived from <code>UIElement</code>) into the text document.
<p>
For all document text not consumed by element generators, AvalonEdit will create <code>VisualLineText</code> elements.
<p>
Usually, the construction of the visual line will stop at the end of the <code>DocumentLine</code>. However, if some <code>VisualLineElementGenerator</code>
creates an element that's longer than the rest of the line, construction of the visual line may resume in another <code>DocumentLine</code>.
Currently, only the <code>FoldingElementGenerator</code> can cause one visual line to span multiple <code>DocumentLine</code>s.
<p>
<img src="AvalonEdit/folding.png" alt="Screenshot Folding and ImageElementGenerator">
<p>
Here is the full source code for a class that implements embedding images into AvalonEdit:
<pre lang="cs">public class ImageElementGenerator : VisualLineElementGenerator
{
readonly static Regex imageRegex = new Regex(@"&lt;img src=""([\.\/\w\d]+)""/?>",
RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
readonly string basePath;
public ImageElementGenerator(string basePath)
{
if (basePath == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException("basePath");
this.basePath = basePath;
}
Match FindMatch(int startOffset)
{
// fetch the end offset of the VisualLine being generated
int endOffset = CurrentContext.VisualLine.LastDocumentLine.EndOffset;
TextDocument document = CurrentContext.Document;
string relevantText = document.GetText(startOffset, endOffset - startOffset);
return imageRegex.Match(relevantText);
}
/// Gets the first offset >= startOffset where the generator wants to construct
/// an element.
/// Return -1 to signal no interest.
public override int GetFirstInterestedOffset(int startOffset)
{
Match m = FindMatch(startOffset);
return m.Success ? (startOffset + m.Index) : -1;
}
/// Constructs an element at the specified offset.
/// May return null if no element should be constructed.
public override VisualLineElement ConstructElement(int offset)
{
Match m = FindMatch(offset);
// check whether there's a match exactly at offset
if (m.Success &amp;&amp; m.Index == 0) {
BitmapImage bitmap = LoadBitmap(m.Groups[1].Value);
if (bitmap != null) {
Image image = new Image();
image.Source = bitmap;
image.Width = bitmap.PixelWidth;
image.Height = bitmap.PixelHeight;
// Pass the length of the match to the 'documentLength' parameter
// of InlineObjectElement.
return new InlineObjectElement(m.Length, image);
}
}
return null;
}
BitmapImage LoadBitmap(string fileName)
{
// TODO: add some kind of cache to avoid reloading the image whenever the
// VisualLine is reconstructed
try {
string fullFileName = Path.Combine(basePath, fileName);
if (File.Exists(fullFileName)) {
BitmapImage bitmap = new BitmapImage(new Uri(fullFileName));
bitmap.Freeze();
return bitmap;
}
} catch (ArgumentException) {
// invalid filename syntax
} catch (IOException) {
// other IO error
}
return null;
}
}</pre>
<h3>Line Transformers</h3>
Line transformers can modify the visual lines after they have been generated. The main usage of this is to colorize the text,
as done both by syntax highlighting and the selection.
<p>
The base classes <code>ColorizingTransformer</code> and <code>DocumentColorizingTransformer</code> help with this task
by providing helper methods for colorizing that split up visual line elements where necessary. The difference between
the two classes is that one works using visual columns whereas the other one uses offsets into the document.
<p>
Here is an example <code>DocumentColorizingTransformer</code> that highlights the word 'AvalonEdit' using bold font:
<pre lang="cs">public class ColorizeAvalonEdit : DocumentColorizingTransformer
{
protected override void ColorizeLine(DocumentLine line)
{
int lineStartOffset = line.Offset;
string text = CurrentContext.Document.GetText(line);
int start = 0;
int index;
while ((index = text.IndexOf("AvalonEdit", start)) >= 0) {
base.ChangeLinePart(
lineStartOffset + index, // startOffset
lineStartOffset + index + 10, // endOffset
(VisualLineElement element) => {
// This lambda gets called once for every VisualLineElement
// between the specified offsets.
Typeface tf = element.TextRunProperties.Typeface;
// Replace the typeface with a modified version of
// the same typeface
element.TextRunProperties.SetTypeface(new Typeface(
tf.FontFamily,
FontStyles.Italic,
FontWeights.Bold,
tf.Stretch
));
});
start = index + 1; // search for next occurrence
} } }</pre>
<h3>Background renderers</h3>
Background renderers are simple objects that allow you to draw anything in the text view.
They can be used to draw nice-looking backgrounds behind the text.
<p>
AvalonEdit contains the class <code>BackgroundGeometryBuilder</code> that helps with this task.
You can use the static <code>BackgroundGeometryBuilder.GetRectsForSegment</code> to fetch a list of rectangles that
contain text from the specified segment (you will get one rectangle per <code>TextLine</code>);
or you can use the instance methods to build a <code>PathGeometry</code> for the text's outline.
AvalonEdit also internally uses this geometry builder to create the selection with the rounded corners.
<p>
Inside SharpDevelop, the first option (getting list of rectangles) is used to render the squiggly red line that for compiler errors,
while the second option is used to produce nice-looking breakpoint markers.
<h2>Editing</h2>
The <code>TextArea</code> class is handling user input and executing the appropriate actions.
Both the caret and the selection are controlled by the <code>TextArea</code>.
<p>
You can customize the text area by modifying the <code>TextArea.DefaultInputHandler</code> by adding new or replacing existing
WPF input bindings in it. You can also set <code>TextArea.ActiveInputHandler</code> to something different than the default
to switch the text area into another mode. You could use this to implement an "incremental search" feature, or even a VI emulator.
<p>
The text area has the useful <code>LeftMargins</code> property - use it to add controls to the left of the text view that look like
they're inside the scroll viewer, but don't actually scroll. The <code>AbstractMargin</code> base class contains some useful code
to detect when the margin is attached/detaching from a text view; or when the active document changes. However, you're not forced to use it;
any <code>UIElement</code> can be used as margin.
<h2>Folding</h2>
Folding (code collapsing) could be implemented as an extension to the editor without having to modify the AvalonEdit code.
A <code>VisualLineElementGenerator</code> takes care of the collapsed sections in the text document; and a custom margin draws the plus and minus
buttons.
<p>
That's exactly how folding is implemented in AvalonEdit. However, to make it a bit easier to use; the static <code>FoldingManager.Install</code>
method will create and register the necessary parts automatically.
<p>
All that's left for you is to regularly call <code>FoldingManager.UpdateFoldings</code> with the list of foldings you want to provide.
<p>
Here is the full code required to enable folding:
<pre lang="cs">foldingManager = FoldingManager.Install(textEditor.TextArea);
foldingStrategy = new XmlFoldingStrategy();
foldingStrategy.UpdateFoldings(foldingManager, textEditor.Document);</pre>
If you want the folding markers to update when the text is changed, you have to repeat the <code>foldingStrategy.UpdateFoldings</code> call regularly.
<p>
The sample application to this article also contains the <code>BraceFoldingStrategy</code> that folds using { and }.
However, it is a very simple implementation and does not handle { and } inside strings or comments correctly.
<h2>Syntax highlighting</h2>
TODO: write this section
<h2>Points of Interest</h2>
<p>Did you learn anything interesting/fun/annoying while writing the code? Did you
do anything particularly clever or wild or zany?
<h2>History</h2>
<p>Keep a running update of any changes or improvements you've made here.
<p><b>Note: although my sample code is provided under the MIT license, ICSharpCode.AvalonEdit itself is provided under the terms of the GNU LGPL.</b>
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